The stem cell released molecules that NeoGenesis uses in our S²RM technology is a mixture of proteins, micro-RNA and lipids that is from skin derived mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. This technology is a new means for therapeutic development. The molecules that are released from the different stem cell types are largely packaged into exosomes. Exosomes under 150 nm in diameter do not contain DNA, whereas larger extracellular vesicles (EVs) can contain small amounts of DNA. Exosomes are made by cells in different process than the way EVs are made. As with other studies characterizing vesicles secreted from mesenchymal stem cells, we have found the size of the exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) to about 50-80nm in diameter. Again, these exosomes have not been found to contain DNA. At NeoGenesis, we also use filtration methods in the production of the S²RM that would prevent large EVs from entering our S²RM. As stated by Rani et al (2015), “the fundamental basis for MSC-EV therapeutic effects lies in their ability to transmit biological information—in the form of proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, and ribonucleic acids—from stem cells to injured cells.” This is an important part of the exosomal S²RM technology, but there is more. The S²RM is also, 1. immune modulating to bias towards tissue repair and away from inflammation, 2. supplies important building blocks for tissue repair, such as collagen, 3. many types of antioxidants to help repair and protect proteins, DNA, and lipids, and 4. supplies proteosomes to carry away damaged cells for recycling. Attributes one through four are in addition to the repair properties of the S²RM that include growth factors, and heat shock proteins to repair proteins and DNA. Important to note is that the exosomes work in concert with soluble proteins to repair tissue – it’s not just the exosomes. This is why NeoGenesis uses the exosomes and the soluble proteins (the fraction of proteins not contained in the exosomes) in our S²RM technology. – we don’t through away the good and synergistic part of what stem cells release, a fraction of the S²RM that contains many proteins, including heat shock proteins. The fraction not contained in exosomes also contains many important signaling lipids that reduce inflammation, such as PEA, and that build the extracellular matrix. And it’s also important to note the cells we use from the skin are superior in this regard, and may others ways too, than the mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow.